The industrial town of Kakanj in Bosnia and Herzegovina is heavily reliant on lignite coal, with a significant portion of its economy and jobs tied to mining. Despite the environmental and health issues caused by coal emissions, local leaders argue for its continued importance for energy supply. The region faces a dilemma between economic dependence on coal and the urgent need for cleaner energy solutions. Experts warn of severe air pollution and health risks, while the government struggles with outdated infrastructure and compliance with EU environmental standards. The future of coal mining and energy production in Bosnia and Herzegovina remains uncertain as the country navigates its path towards EU membership and a cleaner energy transition.