As Russia's invasion of Ukraine enters its fifth year, there are concerns about a potential nuclear false-flag operation by Moscow to distract from its military failures. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) suggests Russia may blame Ukraine for a radiological incident, especially given its attacks on Ukrainian nuclear infrastructure. Kremlin officials have amplified claims about Western countries supplying Ukraine with nuclear weapons, which ISW views as part of a coordinated effort to escalate nuclear rhetoric. The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, occupied by Russian forces, poses significant risks, while Chernobyl remains a site of concern due to past Russian military actions.